Canada has announced counter-tariffs as high as 50% on a range of US goods in retaliation to the latest wave of levies on Canadian imports imposed by President Donald Trump last weekend.
The Canadian tariffs will apply to nearly C$28bn ($20bn; £15bn) worth of American products, ranging from steel to furniture, fresh tuna and cotton T-shirts, officials announced on Tuesday.
The list of targeted products is designed to match Canadian goods hit by the US. The Canadian levies are set to come into effect on 8 September.
It is the latest escalation after US-Canada trade talks collapsed late last week, with each side accusing the other of making last-minute demands that were unreasonable.
Finance Minister François-Philippe Champagne said that Canada's retaliation is in response to 50% tariffs imposed by the Trump administration on a range of Canadian goods after trade talks fell apart on Friday.
"Those tariffs will have real consequences for Canadian workers, businesses and communities across our nation," he said. "Canada must respond."
Champagne characterised Canada's retaliation as "proportionate" and "strategic".
He added that Canada will also offer businesses and workers impacted by US tariffs an additional C$7.5bn for support programmes designed to minimise job losses and keep companies afloat.
Placing taxes on trade between what are historically two of the world's closest trading partners will undoubtedly lead to pain on both sides of the border.
Supply chains which have been developed over decades are set to see increased trading costs due the latest tariff announcements made from both the US and Canada, ultimately hitting businesses of all sizes and consumers through potentially higher prices.
Polls suggest the majority of Canadians support their government in holding firm against the US.
But some questions remain on exactly why trade talks fell apart, with the Conservative opposition asking that the full text of the draft deal with the US be released.
Businesses have also expressed concerns about the impact of a prolonged trade war with Canada's largest trading partner.
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Which US goods will be hit by tariffs?
Canada released on Tuesday a list of nearly 900 US products that will be hit by its counter-tariffs.
The list includes:
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A 50% tariff on steel and aluminum products that were previously only subject to a 25% counter tariff
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A 50% tariff on various other goods including natural honey, furniture, clothing and apparel, makeup and perfume
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A 25% tariff on goods including appliances, like dishwashers and washing machines, dairy products, such as cheese, fish and seafood, and certain steel and aluminum derivative products
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A 15% tariff on certain types of tools and machinery, including forklifts and air conditioning machines
Canadian officials said they chose products that consumers and businesses in Canada could source elsewhere in an attempt to minimise hurt at home.
