Katya Adler: France divided over who to blame for riots and what to learn from them
"This is not the face of France! You media all focus on the violence and destruction of Saturday's protests. But that's not the majority. It's not 'us'. That's not France!"
Elisabeth was speaking to me in front of a row of smashed shop windows, shattered glass still littering the tree-lined Parisian street. Its walls were daubed with red-lettered graffiti insulting French police and signed with the date of the riots, 17 October.
I'd stopped Elisabeth and her friend to ask their thoughts on what happened on Saturday. Elisabeth was so upset that, when she spoke, she seemed close to tears.
"My friend thinks this is civil war in France but I don't. Saturday is about something else entirely."
But what did happen exactly? Who was behind the riots? While much of the looting seemed opportunistic, the violence looked pre-planned. Why orchestrate it now, after weeks of student protests? And who most stands to gain from the destruction this weekend? Elisabeth wasn't entirely sure.
Different theories are doing the rounds - in and outside France. Black and white answers may be appealing, but the truth is there are many factors at play.
The president of the National Assembly, Yaël Braun-Pivet, has proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the riots and how they were organised.
French intelligence had briefed government circles earlier this month that left-wing anarchist groups were involved in the student protests. Their signature: a capital A, circled in black, was spray-painted on many buildings across France this weekend.
French media have played and replayed a video shot on Saturday showing groups of young men dressed in black, with a black, folded kerchief around their face to hide their identity, apparently attacking a number of police vans with what look like large hammers or machetes.
A French intelligence report dated 29 September, published by Le Figaro newspaper, details the "manipulation" of student demonstrations by student unions and political movements aligned with the radical left.
It suggests the far-left political movement La France Insoumise (LFI) was relying on violence as an electoral strategy ahead of the 2027 presidential elections. LFI denies this.
The mass looting of what is said to be over 3,000 shops and businesses on Saturday appears to have been largely opportunistic, according to French reports. Many youngsters immediately went online trying to sell their stolen wares, including designer trainers. Some didn't bother to cover their faces. Did they feel a sense of impunity?
Emmanuel Macron, who is on his way out as president and viewed by many in France as a lame duck, and his government are accused of dropping the ball and failing to keep the country safe on Saturday.
Online sales platforms now say they'll work with the French authorities to track down as many of the looters as possible. Police say they're examining CCTV and social media footage. Macron insists all those responsible for violence or theft will be brought to justice.
Suggestions that some were encouraged to join in the violence by social media posts have led former Prime Minister Gabriel Attal (a hopeful in France's upcoming presidential election) to call for selected social media blackouts to quell further violence.
Belgium has also been experiencing violent protests these last days. On Tuesday, Belgium's interior minister, Bernard Quintin, warned of the "TikTokisation" of violence. Footage of riots is widely shared on social media, reaching a large audience of impressionable young people, he said, while also blaming violence on the streets of Brussels and Liège on "known far-left groups".
In France, Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu and Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez have also clearly implicated the "hard left" in Saturday's mayhem - "pouring oil onto the fire", said Nuñez. On Tuesday Lecornu spoke of "insurrections" planned by "small far-left and ultra-left groups".
Previously he had accused the "far left" of weaponising student demos.
It's something anti-capitalist LFI leader Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who also hopes to become French president, has vehemently denied.
Mélenchon took part in Saturday's planned protest. Politicians from his LFI movement have been present at the student demonstrations since they started a month ago in the socially deprived outskirts of Paris, with demands for better state education for all.
What do the students say?
In Saint-Denis suburb on Monday, I met Lisa Cordat, of the FSE student union. She told me that students had organised themselves for demos via social media messaging or through student-led organisations. She said it was "insulting" to suggest they were being manipulated or "told to do this, or do that" by politicians.
"Student anger comes from the ground up," says Lisa.
But there is also a palpable frustration amongst many in France at what they see as the politicisation of Saturday's violence. Lina, who is 25, told me: "Politicians are hunting for scapegoats but don't ask why it all happened. The root causes of Saturday. We feel scared and abandoned."
France's leading politicians have indulged in a festival of finger-pointing since Saturday.
The presidential election here in six months' time is hotly contested and the volatility on French streets funneled immediately into France's already febrile politics.
Mélenchon, currently running in second place in most polls, ahead of centrist candidates, accused France's centrist prime minister of being "responsible for the chaos" either due to "incompetence or a worst-case strategy."
Mélenchon went on to apparently imply Lecornu may have allowed the violence to unfold, so as to position itself as a "party of order", after Saturday's lawlessness, "that would make people forget his failure in public finances".
France is struggling with spiralling public debt and government borrowing costs.
As for intelligence failures on Saturday, President Macron has demanded explanations and a new policing strategy. France's interior minister admitted there were not enough officers on the streets, despite the nationwide protests being publicised well in advance.
Following accusations of heavy-handedness at earlier demos, the police seemed very much out of their depth this weekend.
Of all the presidential hopefuls, it would seem Marine Le Pen of the anti-immigration National Rally party gains most politically from Saturday's shocking scenes.
She is already way ahead in opinion polls. Le Pen chose to launch a presidential-looking video address to the nation via social media on Sunday. Dressed formally, behind a large desk and in front of a French flag, she blamed Jean-Luc Mélenchon by name for his associates who "look to throw the country into chaos," she said.
She also accused the Macron government of "running out of steam", meaning that France was "taken hostage between violence and powerlessness".
She ended her video by reminding French voters they would have the opportunity to "choose a different path" in six months' time.
Le Pen's party promotes a law and order, closed-border message and, like US President Donald Trump and US Vice President JD Vance, has blamed migrants, amongst others, for the chaos in France on Saturday. French authorities have not implicated migrants in the violence.
One teacher called Mar complained that Saturday's violence "suits politicians' purpose. It distracts from weeks of legitimate protests for better public services", she said.
"Politicians aren't listening to what the students need, or what teachers need or what the French people want. They're using the violence to election-campaign to become president and to try to make their opponents look bad."
Public frustration with politicians
But increasing numbers in France, many amongst the young Gen Z generation, say they have dwindling faith in "the system".
That's something we see echoed in other European countries where mainly youth-led protests erupted - some violently - this weekend in Italy, Portugal and Albania as well as France and Belgium.
These demonstrations are often triggered by spiralling living costs, deteriorating public services and a sense of powerlessness people feel over their own lives.
What can we do as individuals about our rising energy costs caused by wars far away in the Middle East or in Ukraine, many ask.
Voters increasingly say they are losing faith in traditional or governing political parties to listen to concerns and address them. The young look at climate change, social inequality, impossible housing prices and AI potentially threatening their place in the job market.
According to opinion polls conducted by this year by Pew, 69% of people in France are dissatisfied with democracy. In Spain, it's 68% and in Italy, 62%. The US is experiencing similar disillusionment with 69% saying they are dissatisfied with how democracy is working.
So many people I've spoken to in France since Saturday's riots emphasise the importance in making a clear distinction between angry but peaceful protesters, and those intent on wreaking violent havoc.
Politics aside, is what we're now seeing in Europe's protest wave perhaps a powerful cocktail of a bubbling over of frustration, cries for help for the authorities to listen but also, for some, a dark sense there's little left to lose?
