Seismic performance and hybrid retrofit strategies for a historical four-legged masonry minaret
Abstract
Comparisons of global response modification and local strengthening for a complex heritage monument remain limited. This study evaluates lead-rubber-bearing (LRB) and friction-pendulum-bearing (FPB) isolation, carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabric and laminate, steel plates, and their hybrid combinations for the historical Four-Legged Minaret in Diyarbakır, Türkiye. A three-dimensional equivalent-continuum layered-shell macro-model was subjected to nonlinear direct-integration time-history analysis using one DD-2/ZD spectrum-compatible ground motion. The unretrofitted structure developed tensile-stress concentrations at the lower column–beam–body and upper balcony–shaft transitions. After isolation, corresponding maximum tensile stresses were 2.741 and 4.375 MPa for LRB and 0.813 and 4.740 MPa for FPB, showing that isolation alone did not control every critical local demand. Under the idealised full-bond assumption, all representative hybrid configurations satisfied the project-specific 2 MPa design-control target in both strengthened and adjacent regions; their all-region maxima ranged from 1.194 to 1.685 MPa for LRB and from 1.142 to 1.231 MPa for FPB. Steel plates gave the lowest demands inside the applied bands, but stress redistribution sometimes shifted the all-region maximum into adjacent masonry. The findings are scenario-specific and do not demonstrate crack prevention or unconditional safety; multi-record, site-specific and interface-validated assessment is required before implementation.
Funding
This study was supported by the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Development Foundation (Grant No. 020260070170507).
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Authors and Affiliations
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
Adnan Kiral & Zeliha Tonyali
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayburt University, 69010, Bayburt, Turkey
Mustafa Ergun
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, 61830, Trabzon, Turkey
Muhammet Yurdakul
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32040, Isparta, Turkey
Ali Ekber Sever & Pınar Usta Evci
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Zeliha Tonyali.
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The authors declare no competing interests.
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Cite this article
Kiral, A., Tonyali, Z., Ergun, M. et al. Seismic performance and hybrid retrofit strategies for a historical four-legged masonry minaret. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74380-z
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Received: 25 June 2026
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Accepted: 29 September 2026
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Published: 10 October 2026
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